6, pp. Pulakos et al. Moreover, Song et al. 2, pp. 565-579. 4, pp. 2, pp. Additionally, the positive relationship between job autonomy and proactivity suggests that employees should have “their own spaces” to anticipate problematic job situations and propose innovative ideas and solutions (Parker et al., 2006; Grant and Ashford, 2008). According to Papalexandris and Bourantas (2003, p.315), although “employees’ evaluation is an important factor, which is related with the firm’s long-term success, it is poorly applied by the firms.” Thus, the conclusions derived from the proposed model could help firms re-evaluate the factors that affect EP. 3, pp. HR function has taken centre stage to strategically partner with business functions for dealing with the changing business landscape. Ployhart and Bliese (2006) report that employees’ adaptability is associated with their skill levels meaning that if employees’ skills can adapt to different jobs (tasks/requirements/duties/activities), then employees may adapt quickly to new job positions or new job requirements (in their existing job positions). Finally, it must be stressed that of the 163 originally used items, only nine were dropped from this analysis. If the organizational climate “devalues” a firm’s employees, then employees are likely to see obstacles in their behavior, forcing them to leave the company (Mathis and Jackson, 2011). and Bliese, P.D. Grant, A.M. and Ashford, S.J. Hancock, J.I., Allen, D.G., Bosco, F.A., McDaniel, K.M. Performance can be defined as “the ability of an employee to accomplish his or mission based on the expectations of an organisation”. Parker, C.P., Baltes, B.B., Young, S.A., Huff, J.W., Altmann, R.A., Lacost, H.A. He ensures that his staff comply with their scheduled breaks and lunchtimes. (2015), “Would better earning, work environment, and promotion opportunities increase employee performance? It can be seen that the (χ2/df) score is within acceptable limits (below 5; Harrison and Rainer, 1996), the GFI score is above the 0.90 threshold (Bollen and Long, 1993), the CFI score is also above the 0.9 threshold, TLI is close to the 0.9 threshold (Hair et al., 1998) and the RMR value is below the 0.1 threshold (Hair et al., 1992). Dysvik, A. and Kuvaas, B. Mathis, R.L. Although there are many job-related factors that have been examined in the literature regarding their impact on EP such as organizational fairness, job control (Kooij et al., 2013), this study focuses on job communication, job autonomy and job environment. Hale, J. (2006) and Boxall and Purcell (2011) report that skill level is directly related to EP. Responses from113 respondents were used to analyze the impact of selected HR practices (compensation Bush and Frohman (1991) report that job communication is an important factor that can lead to higher firm performance levels. Managers should put an effort on establishing a healthy organizational climate characterized by high quality relationships between managers, employees and co-workers (i.e. 1, pp. Pulakos, E.D. (2004) point out that Cronbach’s α reliability test can be used to assess the internal consistency of measurements. Further, the strongest indirect effect on EP comes from management support (0.25***), followed by organizational climate (0.24***) and job environment (0.22***). Kozlowski et al. Similarly, a negative effect on job environment leads directly and indirectly to lower EP. 24 No. Firms have realized that they have to develop unique dynamic characteristics that empower their competitive advantages in order to survive in a constantly changing market environment. Performance Evaluation functions as a leading journal in the area of modeling, measurement, and evaluation of performance aspects of computing and communication systems. Panayotopoulou et al. Further, the firm/environment-related factor strongly affects both the job-related and the employee-related factors (0.56***/H9–H12 and 0.41***/H5–H8, respectively), while, the job-related factor strongly affects the employee-related factors (0.39***/H13–H15). (2000), “A multilevel approach to theory and research in organizations: contextual, temporal, and emergent processes”, in Klein, K.J. Koys and De Cotiis (1991) have found that the degree of managerial support for employees’ actions affects the formation of organizational climate and imply that job environment is also affected by the degree of managerial support. 680-699. 265-285. (2011), Human Resource Management, South-Western Cengage Learning, Mason, OH. Morgenson, F.P., Delaney-Klinger, K. and Hemingway, M.A. 3-26. the sample is heterogeneous). (2006, p. 162) define job autonomy as the extent to which “the job allows the employee to make decisions about how to perform his work.” They also state that job autonomy is positively associated with EP. Participating firms can be categorized as small- and medium-sized firms (56 percent have fewer than 50 employees), while most of them belong to the manufacturing sector (37.7 percent). 1, pp. 17 No. Regarding management support, employees state that they can trust and lean on their supervisors to support their on-the-job choices and actions. 1, pp. 1, pp. Communication is the key and has been proven absolutely true in these difficult times. Although the individual impact of the model components is established in the literature, the contribution of this research is the incorporation of them into a single model (holistic framework), as well as the correlations between the 13 sub-factors and EP. Many researchers (Crant, 2000; Thompson, 2005; Grant and Ashford, 2008; Parker and Collins, 2010) argue that the level of employees’ proactivity is linked to their performance. Therefore, it is essential for firms to be aware of their employees’ capabilities in order to be able to manage them and, in turn, to align them with the firm’s overall business strategy (Boxall and Purcell, 2011). Lepak, D., Liao, H., Chung, Y. and Harden, E. (2006), “A conceptual review of human resource management systems in strategic human resource management research”, Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, Vol. 636-652. 2, pp. Technology has played a crucial role in this transition.Â. A second positive direct relation (0.19***/H6b) between training culture and proactivity is also proposed. Thompson (2005) states that proactive employees perform more efficiently than those who have low proactivity. Effect of Stress on Employee Performance and Job Satisfaction: A Case Study of Nigerian Banking Industry 71 Pages Posted: 24 Apr 2018 See all articles by Samuel Ajayi Samuel Ajayi Shell Nigeria LNG, Bonny Island. Morrison (2006) also reports that when employees feel “free” in their workplaces, proactive behaviors are observed, such as the expression of innovative ideas and taking the initiative to solve job-related problems. The results of the confirmatory factor and reliability analyses (Table III) can be considered as satisfactory. 14 No. and Smith, E.M. (1999), “Developing adaptive teams: a theory of compilation and performance across levels and time”, in Ilgen, D. and Pulakos, E. (Eds), The Changing Nature of Performance: Implications for Staffing, Motivation, and Development, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA, pp. and Huber, G.P. Examining employees’ intrinsic motivation, Boxall and Purcell (2011) indicate that it is related (and determine) EP. irregular situations). Additionally, it should be emphasized that managers must not overlook the role that training culture has on EP. However, only 97 managers (response rate: 27.71 percent) and 480 employees completed and returned the questionnaires, while only 79 managers and 392 employees completed them adequately (valid sample). 2 Employees' behaviour in relation to organisational performance can manifest itself in three different ways. According to Chen and Francesco (2003), there is a positive relationship between affective commitment and EP, suggesting that, employees who feel that a firm’s behavior towards them is good (e.g. Human resource managers face challenges while attempting to provide equal opportunities for all employee in the workplace. Song, J.H., Martens, J., McCharen, B. and Ausburn, L. (2011), “Multi-structural relationships among organizational culture, job autonomy, and CTE teacher turnover intention”, Career and Technical Education Research, Vol. However, Murphy and Cleveland (1991) report that many important factors regarding the research and development of a performance evaluation model are still often overlooked and that this may be why there is not yet an integrated model for evaluating EP. As can be seen, KMO is above the 0.5 threshold (Hair et al., 1998), the Bartlett’s test of sphericity score is also acceptable (significance below the 0.05 threshold) and the factor loadings for all items are within acceptable levels (above the 0.5 threshold; Hair et al., 1998). Kooij, D.T., Guest, D.E., Clinton, M., Knight, T., Jansen, P.G. Further, Motowildo and Schmit (1999, p. 56) indicate that when firms’ external environments are dynamic, then it is difficult for them to predetermine their employees’ efficiency levels. 621-634. Boxall, P., Purcell, J. and Wright, P. (2007), The Oxford Handbook of Human Resource Management, Oxford University Press, New York, NY. 324-348. 8, pp. Additionally, Hale (2002) and Armstrong (2012) argue that training improves employees’ knowledge and skills, so they can successfully deal with new everyday job-related challenges and, thus, improve their job performance. After the proposed modifications were incorporated in the questionnaires, they were distributed to a small number of employees and HR managers. (2013), “Impact of organizational culture on employee performance and productivity: a case study of telecommunication sector in Bangladesh”, International Journal of Business and Management, Vol. Further, the indirect relationship between intrinsic motivation and management support (0.24***) may indicate that employees’ personal satisfaction, derived from their job performances, increases when they know that they have their supervisors’ support. Armstrong, M. (2012), A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice, Kogan Page, London. Moreover, employees prefer not to discuss their career development with their supervisors, although they do want to improve their knowledge and skills in order to be promoted sooner. Significance at p<0.05 level. It must be pointed here that the manager’s presence was compulsory (in the same room), while employees were replying to questionnaire. Winterton, J. Closer home, being an essential service provider, AGS Group decided to have no salary cuts across all levels. The purpose of this paper is to examine the interrelations between firm/environment-related factors (training culture, management support, environmental dynamism and organizational climate), job-related factors (job environment, job autonomy, job communication) and employee-related factors (intrinsic motivation, skill flexibility, skill level, proactivity, adaptability, commitment) and their impact on EP. Additionally, as Nguyen et al., (2015, p. 567) state “Though there have been many studies examining the impacts of various factors on employee performance, very few examined more than three factors at one time.” An organization is a consciously coordinated system where characteristics of individuals, groups and organization interact with each other and effective interaction among them highly depends on organizational culture that shapes the individual performance (Kozlowski and Klein, 2000). 3, pp. 23-35. 3-39. 63-77. (2010), “Taking stock: integrating and differentiating multiple proactive behaviors”, Journal of Management, Vol. A new research model that examines the relationships between these factors and EP is proposed utilizing the structural equation modeling approach. Nowadays, the phenomenon of increased competition between firms and their need to respond effectively to rapidly changing operational conditions, as well as to personnel requirements, has escalated the necessity to identify those factors that affect employee performance (EP). The majority of our company is made up of sales representatives, and they are measured by the total number of venues they sign up to be listed on our site, which translates into how much revenue is made from those venues. and Doerr, B. On the other hand, though employees themselves say that they have relatively low levels of willingness to put in extra effort, energy and time in order to provide their firms with useful but “indiscriminate” and “sensitive” information. • Work-oriented and socialization-oriented social media are complementary resources. 490-510. 5-28. LePine, J.A. The direct impact of adaptability, job environment, intrinsic motivation and management support on EP is found to be supported. Concerning organizational climate, it is strongly related with job environment (0.46***) /H11a and training culture (0.32***). To honour this dedication, many organizations chose unusual ways. (2009), “Redesigning work design theories: the rise of relational and proactive perspectives”, Academy of Management Annals, Vol. They were distributed to employees and HR directors, respectively (in every participating firm). Thoresen, C.J., Bradley, J.C., Thoresen, J.D. 56, pp. A potential limitation of this research is that it is not focused only on one business sector (i.e. Wright, P.M. and Snell, S.A. (2009), “Human resources, organizational resources, and capabilities”, in Storey, J., Wright, P. and Ulrich, D. (Eds), The Routledge Companion to Strategic Human Resource Management, Routledge, London, pp. Nevertheless, even the small impact of environmental dynamism on training implies that firms with dynamic internal environments achieve better results from training processes. For example, let’s consider the performance of an artist on stage. Operating in a supportive, collaborative and affirmative job environment, employees feel more empowered and self-confident, which, in turn, increases their motivation level, their on-the-job proactiveness and improves their adaptability, thus resulting to higher job performance. They know that if the performance evaluation is less than stellar, they risk alienating the employee. Important information, tips, best practices, latest trends, and useful resources. Roos, W. and Van Eeden, R. (2008), “The relationship between employee motivation, job satisfaction and corporate culture”, SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, Vol. Morrison, E.W. Panayotopoulou, L., Bourantas, D. and Papalexandris, N. (2003), “Strategic human resource management and its effects on firm performance: an implementation of the competing values framework”, International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 59-123. The impact this culture on employees’ performance is found to be weak; however, managers should have in mind that investing in a well-organized training culture, which is focused on employee needs, increased employee adaptability level to emerging job requirements and challenges, thus affecting their job performance. Adaptability and intrinsic motivation have only a direct impact on performance. taking the initiative, making suggestions about their performances, confronting appropriately unforeseen job problems). Meyer, J.P. and Allen, N.J. (1997), Commitment in the Workplace: Theory, Research, and Application, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. There is no single definition, theory, or measure driving this body of work.” Parker and Collins (2010, p. 634) define proactivity as “acting in anticipation of future (job-related) problems, needs, or changes,” while Parker and Collins (2010, p. 634) define proactivity as “controlling a situation by causing something to happen rather than waiting to respond to it after it happens.”. 6, pp. Moreover, Delaney and Huselid (1996) suggest that in order for firm performance to be improved through increased EP, firms should strengthen employee motivation. Therefore, firms frequently improve their technological equipment and production processes in order to strengthen their competitive positions in the marketplace. As can been noticed, all the hypotheses referring to the relationships between the constructs are accepted. Chatman, J.A., Caldwell, D.F., O’Reilly, C.A. Hair, J.F., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L. Employee Performance Survey The performance of each employee should be frequently discussed (at the least in regular performance reviews and 1 on 1 meetings). and Lewis, M.A. Somers, M.J. and Birnbaum, D. (1998), “Work-related commitment and job performance: It’s also the nature of the performance that counts”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. His performance is always reliable and he follows his work schedule well.

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