We extracted data on these 19 items. The reviews were published in 40 different journals, with most journals publishing only one realist review each (only two journals had two realist reviews each). Close to half (n=25) did not provide information about the types of documents included, while others included quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method studies in different combinations. (Pawson et al., 2004, p. iv). The number of documents finally included in the review varied from 6 to 276 (mean=66, median=35). The results show that realist reviews are by and large not systematic reviews. Main findings: Present the key findings with a specific focus on theory building and testing, 15. It provides an explanatory analysis aimed at discerning what works for whom, in what circumstances, in what respects and how. Pawson, R. Assessing the Quality of Evidence in Evidence-Based Policy: Why, How and When Working Paper No. Journal of Further and Higher Education, v40 n3 p316-330 2016. Notes. Counter to the publication standards and the review developers’ expectation that realist reviews are particularly oriented towards practitioners and policy makers (Pawson, 2006; Pawson et al., 2004, 2005), 83 per cent of the reviews did not specify the main implications of their findings and 67 per cent did not state whether they had any policy linkage. Four of the realist reviews were re-reviews of completed systematic reviews, which used all or a subset of the studies originally included in the systematic review. Organizations are encouraged to learn from failures. A modified systematic review methodology, employing realist approaches [25, 26] was applied to the self-identifying zooprophylaxis literature.This approach recognizes a priori that the scientific literature in this area is conflicting and in this case focuses on when, why, and in what contexts zooprophylaxis or zoopotentiation may occur. 4 reviews were re-reviews [a], Gave the number of documents screened, assessed for eligibility, and included, Appraisal of evidence was done by two or more persons independently, 1 used appraisal from systematic review abstract = "Objectives: The aim of this review is to construct a detailed account of the role of the district nurse (generalist registered nurse providing nursing care in primarily home settings) in providing palliative care, to determine if and how district nursing care provides effective care to such patients at home, and to examine the utility of a realist review for the above purpose. (2009, October). Dixon-Woods, M., Booth, A., & Sutton, A. J. This product could help you, Accessing resources off campus can be a challenge. This is in contrast to a systematic review, which “attempts to collate all empirical evidence that fits pre-specified eligibility criteria in order to answer a specific research question” (Higgins & Green, 2011). The aim is to enable decision-makers to reach a deeper understanding of the intervention and how it can be made to work most effectively. Most of the reviews reported in accordance with these standards. We are not arguing that realist reviews should adopt the processes that are standard for systematic reviews. It is edited by Mervyn Hartwig and a team of other scholars. It is possible that more development or clarification of the standards is needed. Experimental evidence shows that more errors occur with a single reviewer than with two reviewers (Buscemi, Hartling, Vandermeer, Tjosvold, & Klassen, 2005). This section should include information on the constructs analyzed and describe the analytic process, 11. Pharoah, FM , Rathbone, J , Mari, JJ , Streiner, D. Pawson, R. Mentoring Relationships: An Explanatory Review Working Paper No. The last date for receipt of complete applications is 5pm Friday 30th April 2021. With respect to languages searched, 7 had no limits (15 per cent), 21 limited the search to English, and 4 limited the search to English and one more language, either French or German. 2 Flow diagram of peer reviewed publication retrieval, adapted from the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Metaanalyses (PRISMA) flow diagram Methodology This research follows the realist review methodology first developed by Pawson and Tilley (1997) and further developed by Wong et al. Pawson, R., Greenhalgh, T., Harvey, G., & Walshe, K. (2005). Such reviews take stock of the research available in a field of study, such that one can decide how to develop the field further (Arksey & O’Malley, 2005; Armstrong, Hall, Doyle, & Waters, 2011; Bates, Clapton, & Coren, 2007; Clapton, Rutter, D., & Sharif, 2009; Oakley, Gough, Oliver, & James, 2005; Shepherd et al., 2006). A Realist Review of Persuasive System Design Components in Internet-Based Psychological Therapies, Journal of Medical Internet Research, 10.2196/jmir.7573, 19, 8, (e266), (2017). 1 partially Factors influencing intercultural doctor-patient communication: A realist review. Key realist review texts (Pawson, 2006; Pawson et al., 2004, 2005; Wong et al., 2013) explain that appraisal of the data should be made on relevance (whether it can contribute to theory building and/or testing) and rigor (whether it is credible and trustworthy), which was the case for only a quarter of the reviews included in our study. As shown in Table 2 (Row 3), less than a quarter (22 per cent) of the reviews stated that the process of selecting documents was done by two or more persons independently. Thus it is disquieting that only about one in five of the reviews in our study had selection, appraisal, or data extraction done independently by two persons. Five reviews used documents from a related systematic review. . Realist review is a theory-driven and interpretive type of literature review. Only seven of the reviews included in our study, all published in 2014 or 2015, cited and stated that they used the RAMESES publication standards. ESRC Research Methods Programme, University of Manchester, UK. A realist review and a call for place-based research, Human resource management interventions to improve health workers' performance in low and middle income countries: A realist review, Health Research Policy and Systems, 7(7), 1-13, Realist review and synthesis of retention studies for health workers in rural and remote areas, Interprofessional shared decision making in NICU: A mixed methods study [Dissertation], School of Nursing, University of Ottawa, Canada. Realistic evaluation. An illustrative example of a vague specification of eligibility criteria is quoted below: Studies were included if they were relevant to the synthesis question (i.e., examined some part of the relationship between [intervention] and [outcome]) and contributed to the refinement of a program theory identified during the first stage. ... philosophical point of view Journal of Technology Management & … This may be related to Pawson and colleagues’ (2004) doubt about the utility of RCT in explaining the outcomes of complex interventions, as they state, “such trials are meaningless because the RCT design is explicitly constructed to wash out the vital explanatory ingredients” (Pawson et al., 2004, p. 22). Challenges in systematic reviews: Synthesis of topics related to the delivery, organization, and financing of health care. The search strategy was prepared by an information specialist (coauthor Julie Nanavati) in cooperation with the first reviewer (coauthor Rigmor C. Berg). London, UK: Social Care Institute for Excellence. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromso, Tromso, NORWAY This included: only quantitative studies (n=9); quantitative and qualitative studies (n=7); and quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods studies (n=5). Inclusion criteria for studies that addressed outcomes were: studies had to be controlled studies (n=5), evaluation studies (n=3), any type of quantitative studies, quantitative and qualitative studies that evaluated any of the outcomes, or studies that report on one or more of the outcomes of interest. One review did not state how many documents were included. While only 39 per cent discussed the strengths of the review, 67 per cent discussed the limitations. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click on download. View or download all the content the society has access to. We have not extracted data from these protocols. Realist reviews include a broad spectrum of studies, but the quality of studies is used to moderate findings. Access to society journal content varies across our titles. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 11, 115. Braga, L. H., Pemberton, L., DeMaria, J., & Lorenzo, A. J. The review identified nine programs or policies that are designed to improve the SESWB of Aboriginal young people in OoHC in local and international settings. Qualitative Research, 7, 375-422. [c] A lack of reference to changes may not indicate that no changes were made; therefore, we only noted when such changes were explicitly stated Realist reviews follow most of the same standard steps as systematic reviews (Pawson et al., 2004): Pawson and colleagues (2004) stipulate that the process should be equally rigorous and transparent (i.e., auditable), where every judgment is written down. A systematic review, or systematic literature review, is a type of literature review that uses systematic methods to collect secondary data, critically appraise research studies, and synthesize findings qualitatively or quantitatively. Realist review has emerged as a specific literature review approach that is concerned with explaining the outcomes of complex intervention programs. In health services and other public services, we are dealing with complex social interventions which act on complex social systems-things like league tables, performance measures, regulation and inspection, or funding reforms. (1997). We grouped reviews according to their chief characteristics and carried out descriptive analyses by using frequencies and cross-tabulations. Evidence & Policy, 1(1), 5-31. joint health and safety committees), health research, and advance directives (i.e., a living will that gives durable power of attorney to a surrogate decision-maker). Realist review - a new method of systematic review designed for complex policy interventions Ray Pawson, Ph.D , Trisha Greenhalgh, M.D , Gill Harvey, Ph.D , and Kieran Walshe, Ph.D Journal of Health Services Research & Policy 2016 10 : 1_suppl , 21-34 Pawson, R. (2006). Login failed. 1), 21-34. Implementation Science, 5, 69. [d] We did not assess rationale/justification Complying with the standard should overcome idiosyncratic reporting of how the documents are identified. A realist review was selected to explain how and why complex HIT interventions work or fail within certain contexts, settings or populations; hence, it has an explanatory rather than a judgemental approach [].There is a focus on the relationship between context, mechanism and outcome; that is, how context affects the mechanism of action underlying an intervention to generate a certain outcome. Health service organizations increasingly implement patient portals based on the belief that patient portals will enhance patient engagement, health outcomes, service efficiency, and convenience.1 A patient portal is a ‘secure website for patients, typically maintained by provider practices, that offers access to a variety of functions linked to a physician's EHR [electronic health record] including secure messaging, protected health information (eg, lab results, medication lists, and immunizations), appoint… During the review process, we communicated with experts in the field and invited comments on our preliminary results. Journal of Critical Realism, Volume 19, Issue 4 (2020) Editorial . London, UK: SAGE. Of all the 19 publication reporting items, the one about the searching process is the most detailed (Item 8, see Wong et al., 2013). Weir, M., Mayhew, A., Worswick, J., Fergusson, D., & Grimshaw, J. 1, p. 5. Social Science Research and Decision-Making. Common themes from the realist review highlight the importance of employee engagement in the intervention development and implementation process. We also followed Levac and colleagues’ recent recommendations on clarifying and enhancing each stage of the review (Levac, Colquhoun, & O’Brien, 2010). Peer review is the essential part for maintaining substantial standard in publishing and brings out the best possible scientific novel information from the potential authors and researchers globally. For example, three quarters (74 per cent) of the 54 reviews identified the document as a realist review or realist synthesis in the title. The principles are based on a review of the peer-reviewed literature and are underpinned by an investigation of which CE interventions work, for whom, how, to what extent and in which contexts. Realist review does not provide simple answers to complex questions. Evidence-based policy: The promise of ‘realist synthesis’. Only about half stated that a data extraction form was used. Moving on to examine transparency with respect to the RAMESES Publication Standards Items 9-13, three quarters (74 per cent) of the reviews stated the number of documents screened, assessed for eligibility, and included in the review (Table 2, Row 4). Sign in here to access free tools such as favourites and alerts, or to access personal subscriptions, If you have access to journal content via a university, library or employer, sign in here, Research off-campus without worrying about access issues. Realist synthesis: An introduction (RMP Methods Paper 2/2004). Crossref Retrieved June 16, 2016, from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gill_Harvey/publication/228855827_Realist_synthesis_an_introduction/links/0fcfd507f0b7cbb2ce000000.pdf. Coauthor Julie Nanavati subsequently verified, confirmed, or disconfirmed the data. Evidence-based policy is a dominant theme in contemporary public services but the practical realities and challenges involved in using evidence in policy-making are formidable. We included reviews with a methodological focus, for example, the presentation of the realist review approach, if the authors reported on the findings of a particular review. In 13 per cent of reviews, appraisal was done by two or more people. Methods This is a realist review with iterative searches. One review specified that studies that addressed outcome had to be randomized controlled trials. Connell, J , Kubish, A , Schorr, L , Weiss, C. New Approaches to Evaluating Community Initiatives. Poster presentation at Cochrane Colloquium, Singapore. Young people and healthy eating: A systematic review of research on barriers and facilitators. Realist review (also known as realist synthesis) is particularly helpful for this task. Risk of bias: Are judgments consistent between reviews? Specific methodological guidance may need to be developed if realist reviews are to have a more uniform and transparent approach. It explains when a realist impact evaluation may be most Provide details on all the sources accessed for information in the review [d], 9. Pawson, R., Greenhalgh, T., Harvey, G., & Walshe, K. (2004). Searching process: State and provide a rationale for how the iterative searching was done. Overall, there was little uniformity and transparency regarding many methodological issues. Journal of Health Services and Research Policy, 10(1, Suppl. A Research Based Evaluation of the Orthopaedic Services Collaborative Within the Eastern, South and West, South East and Trent Regions. Concerning the literature search processes, while less than half (42 per cent) of the reviews described the initial process of exploratory scoping of the literature, almost all (94 per cent) gave information about how the literature search was done. We adhered to the framework proposed by Arksey and O’Malley (2005) for conducting a systematic scoping review. (2006). We found that 14 reviews specified eligibility for studies that addressed the outcome of an intervention, one review highlighted criteria for mechanisms (views) papers, and one did so for context papers. Strengths, limitations, and future research directions: b) Discuss the limitations, 17. Of note, in the 29 reviews that specified the types of studies included, there were almost six times as many quantitative studies (n=951) compared to qualitative studies (n=165). However, it is acknowledged that realist searches are likely to … Annals of Internal Medicine, 142(12, Part 2), 1056-1065. Therefore, we conducted a review of the published examples of realist review. Thus, it does not look for a summative judgment about complex social intervention programs, only a plausible explanation or theory, which will be refined, or possibly rejected, as new evidence emerges. The strategy was piloted to ensure that it captured known realist reviews in the published literature. referral … A systematic review [BEME guide no. It is peer reviewed and is currently indexed in International Bibliography of the Social Sciences, ProQuest Academic Research Library, ProQuest Central, ProQuest Social Sciences, The Philosophers Index and PhilPapers. Family-based interventions to increase physical activity in children: A meta-analysis and realist synthesis protocol, Embedding mental health interventions in early childhood education systems for at-risk pre-schoolers: An evidence to policy realist review, Research protocol: A realist synthesis of cross-border patient mobility from low-income and middle-income countries, Protocol: Developing a conceptual framework of patient mediated knowledge translation, systematic review using a realist approach, Protocol: The effectiveness in micro-insurance in helping small-holders manage weather-related risks, Harvard Business School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, Effective health care for older people resident in care homes: The optimal study protocol for realist review, The optimal study: Describing the key components of optimal health care delivery to UK care home residents: A research protocol, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 15(9), 681-686, Functionality and feedback: A protocol for a realist synthesis of the collation, interpretation and utilisation of PROMs data to improve patient care, The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of shared care: Protocol for a realist review, Understanding the relationship between the perceived characteristics of clinical practice guidelines and their uptake: Protocol for a realist review, A realist synthesis of the effect of social accountability interventions on health service providers' and policymakers' responsiveness, Assessing the benefits of participatory research: A rationale for a realist review, Protocol for an HTA report: Does therapeutic writing help people with long-term conditions?

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